SBFI and PBFI comprise benzofuranyl fluorophores linked to a crown ether chelator. Furthermore, the spectral responses of SBFI and PBFI upon ion binding permit excitation ratio measurements ( Loading and Calibration of Intracellular Ion Indicators-Note 19.1), and these indicators can be used with the same optical filters and equipment used for fura-2. Although the selectivity of SBFI and PBFI for their target ions is less than that of calcium indicators such as fura-2, it is sufficient for the detection of physiological concentrations of Na + and K + in the presence of other monovalent cations. SBFI and PBFI are fluorescent indicators for sodium and potassium, respectively. The next section describes fluorescent indicators for intracellular and extracellular chloride, together with an assortment of analytical reagents and methods for direct or indirect quantitation of other inorganic anions ( Detecting Chloride, Phosphate, Nitrate and Other Anions-Section 21.2). In this section, we describe sodium- and potassium-selective fluorescent indicators, as well as the FluxOR Thallium Detection Kits, which provide a fluorescence-based method for assaying potassium ion channel and transporter activities. In excitable cells such as neurons and myocytes, these channels function both to create the action potential and to reset the cell's resting membrane potential. They are typically classified according to their response mechanism: voltage-gated channels open or close in response to changes in membrane potential, whereas ligand-gated or ion-activated channels are triggered by ligand or ion binding. Sodium and potassium channels are ion-selective protein pores that span the cell's plasma membrane and serve to establish and regulate membrane potential. Chapter 23-Antifades and Other Tools for Fluorescence Applications.Chapter 22-Probes for Membrane Potential.Chapter 21-Indicators for Na+, K+, Cl– and Miscellaneous Ions.Chapter 19-Indicators for Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Other Metal Ions.Chapter 18-Probes for Reactive Oxygen Species, Including Nitric Oxide.Chapter 17-Probes for Signal Transduction.Chapter 16-Probes for Endocytosis, Receptors and Ion Channels.Chapter 15-Assays for Cell Viability, Proliferation and Function.Chapter 14-Fluorescent Tracers of Cell Morphology and Fluid Flow.Chapter 13-Probes for Lipids and Membranes. Chapter 11-Probes for Cytoskeletal Proteins.Chapter 10-Enzyme Substrates and Assays.Chapter 9-Protein Detection and Analysis.Chapter 8-Nucleic Acid Detection and Analysis.Chapter 7-Antibodies, Avidins and Lectins.Chapter 6-Ultrasensitive Detection Technology.Chapter 5-Crosslinking and Photoactivatable Reagents.Chapter 4-Biotin and Hapten Derivatives.Chapter 3-Click Chemistry and other Functional Group Modifications.Chapter 1-Fluorophores and Their Amine-Reactive Derivatives.
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